4. Informationen über das System

Übersicht:

4.1 Prozesse

ps -ef (SysV)

rfhpc8317% ps -ef | head
     UID   PID  PPID  C    STIME TTY      TIME CMD
    root     0     0  0   Oct 02 ?        0:03 sched
    root     1     0  0   Oct 02 ?        0:16 /etc/init -
    ...

ps -aux (BSD)

rfhpc8131% ps -aux | head
USER   PID %CPU %MEM   VSZ   RSS TT STAT STARTED    TIME COMMAND
root   372  6.9  0.6   292  1132 ?? S     6:24PM 0:00.94 sshd: feyrer@ttyp1 
feyrer 390  0.0  0.1   352   160 p1 R+    6:24PM 0:00.00 ps -aux 
feyrer 374  0.7  0.6   916  1252 p1 Ss    6:24PM 0:00.15 -tcsh 
root   255  0.0  0.5   108  1032 ?? I     1:03PM 0:00.01 xconsole -geometry 480
...

uptime: Uptime und Load average (mittlere Anzahl der lauffaehigen Prozesse der letzten 1, 5 und 15 Minuten) anzeigen:
```
% uptime
 2:45PM  up 145 days, 12:02, 4 users, load averages: 0.44, 0.38, 0.56
```
systat (BSD)
top: Achtung, auf jedem System leicht unterschiedliche Ausgabe!
Erklärung von Prozess-Prioritäten und Nice-Levels unter Unix:

renice: Nice-Wert nachträglich ändern

rfhpc8317% ps -ef | grep 6656
  feyrer  6656  6645  0 17:27:18 pts/16   0:00 xclock
rfhpc8317% renice
usage: renice [-n increment] [-g | -p | -u] ID ...
       renice priority [-p] pid ... [-g pgrp ...] [-p pid ...] [-u user ...]
       renice priority  -g pgrp ... [-g pgrp ...] [-p pid ...] [-u user ...]
       renice priority  -u user ... [-g pgrp ...] [-p pid ...] [-u user ...]
  where -20 <= priority <= 19
rfhpc8317% renice 20 6656
renice: nice value 20 rounded down to 19

nice: Nice-Wert beim Start setzen

rfhpc8317% which nice
nice: shell built-in command.
rfhpc8317% which \nice
/bin/nice
rfhpc8317% sh
$ type nice
nice is /bin/nice
$ nice
nice: usage: nice [-n increment] utility [argument ...]
$ nice xclock &
6732
$

nohup: No Hangup
Prozess beim Logout nicht via SIGHUP abbrechen (bzw. SIGHUP ignorieren):
```
$ nohup make &
sending output to nohup.out
$ exit 
```
Beim ausloggen wird der make-Prozess nicht abgebrochen, die gesamten Ausgaben werden in die Datei "nohup.out" umgeleitet. Diese kann beim naechsten Login angesehen werden (ggf. mit "tail -f", falls der Prozess noch laeuft!)
Achtung: Die tcsh startet Prozesse per default mit "nohup", leitet die Ausgabe jedoch nicht um! Eine gute Alternative zu "nohup" ist "screen", bitte Anleitung vor dem ersten Aufruf lesen!

4.2 Signale

kill(1) sendet Signal

kill -l: Auflistung der bekannten Signale

rfhpc8317% /bin/kill -l
EXIT HUP INT QUIT ILL TRAP ABRT EMT FPE KILL BUS SEGV SYS PIPE ALRM TERM USR1 USR2
CLD PWR WINCH URG POLL STOP TSTP CONT TTIN TTOU VTALRM PROF XCPU XFSZ WAITING
LWP FREEZE THAW CANCEL LOST RTMIN RTMIN+1 RTMIN+2 RTMIN+3 RTMAX-3 RTMAX-2
RTMAX-1 RTMAX

Job control: ^Z, &, fg, bg, jobs, jobs -l
Achtung, wichtiger Unterschied zwischen:
- "kill" (== "kill -15" == "kill -TERM"):
  Prozess kann das Signal abfangen und z.B. Aufraeumarbeiten erledigen.
- "kill -9" (== "kill -KILL"):
  Prozess wird bedingungslos sofort beendet.

4.3 Benutzer

$USER, whoami, who:

rfhinf032% echo $USER
feyrer

rfhinf032% whoami
feyrer

rfhinf032% who am i
feyrer   pts/8        Apr  1 12:42 (rfhpc8317.fh-regensburg.de)

id, groups:

rfhinf032% id
uid=102(feyrer) gid=200(bedienst) groups=200(bedienst),304(soft),308(vhb-nn),311(admin),306(nds),303(tr)
     
rfhinf032% groups
bedienst soft vhb-nn admin nds tr

finger

rfhpc8317% finger
Login       Name               TTY         Idle    When    Where
feyrer   Hubert Feyrer        *pts/11         9 Mon 16:37  smaug.fh-regensburg.
feyrer   Hubert Feyrer        *pts/16        43 Mon 17:06  smaug.fh-regensburg.
rfhpc8317% 
rfhpc8317% finger @tabaluga
[rfhpc8320.fh-regensburg.de] 
Login       Name               TTY         Idle    When    Where
wot36167 Tobias Wolfertshofer *pts/16         4 Sat 20:35  ipl-nt5.engr.uconn.e
him33544 Martina Hirsch        pts/8            Mon 18:24  firewall-out.intersh
kok32482 Klaus Kollarz         pts/17           Mon 17:59  rx1053.cip.uni-regen
feyrer   Hubert Feyrer         pts/3         40 Mon 17:53  rfhs8030            
kok32482 Klaus Kollarz         pts/9         19 Mon 17:58  rx1053.cip.uni-regen
nea33374 Andreas Neumeier     *pts/13      7:55 Mon 09:37  rx1243.cip.uni-regen
baj30487 Johannes Bauer        pts/7         31 Mon 17:39  rx1157.cip.uni-regen
abf31265 Fabian Abke          *pts/19         6 Mon 18:11  pd9e5af24.dip.t-dial

who

nea33374   pts/4        Oct  1 09:57    (:pts/13:S.0)
abf31265   pts/15       Sep 19 23:34    (:pts/19:S.0)
wot36167   pts/16       Oct  6 20:35    (ipl-nt5.engr.uconn.edu)
him33544   pts/8        Oct  8 18:24    (firewall-out.intershop.de)
kok32482   pts/17       Oct  8 17:59    (rx1053.cip.uni-regensburg.de)
feyrer     pts/3        Oct  8 17:53    (rfhs8030)
kok32482   pts/9        Oct  8 17:58    (rx1053.cip.uni-regensburg.de)
nea33374   pts/13       Oct  8 09:37    (rx1243.cip.uni-regensburg.de)
baj30487   pts/7        Oct  8 17:39    (rx1157.cip.uni-regensburg.de)
abf31265   pts/19       Oct  8 18:11    (pd9e5af24.dip.t-dialin.net)

w: Uptime, Load average & Benutzer anzeigen

% w
 2:45PM  up 145 days, 12:02, 4 users, load averages: 0.44, 0.38, 0.56
USER  TTY FROM              LOGIN@  IDLE WHAT
feyrer p2 delphi           09Dec04  4days -tcsh 
feyrer p3 delphi           09Dec04  20days -tcsh 
feyrer p4 delphi           09Dec04     0 w

utmp(5), wtmp(5): Buchhaltung ueber "eingeloggte" Benutzer

utmp:
aktuelle Logins, für finger(1), who(1), ...
wtmp:
Login-Archiv, für last(1)
lastlogin:
Wer war wann zuletzt eingeloggt, für lastlogin(1). Nur BSD!

last(1):

rfhinf032% last | head
feyrer   pts/8        rfhpc8317.fh-reg Thu Apr  1 12:34   still logged in   
pap34148 pts/9        rfhpc8307.fh-reg Thu Apr  1 12:13   still logged in   
feyrer   pts/8        rfhpc8317.fh-reg Thu Apr  1 12:10 - 12:23  (00:12)    
lij33500 pts/7        rfhpc8310.fh-reg Thu Apr  1 12:04   still logged in   
gep31844 pts/4        rfhpc8306.fh-reg Thu Apr  1 11:57   still logged in   
fum36205 pts/2        rfhpc8301.fh-reg Thu Apr  1 11:50   still logged in   
kew33073 pts/2        rfhpc8302.fh-reg Thu Apr  1 11:45 - 11:46  (00:01)    
trm35740 pts/0        rfhpc8304.fh-reg Thu Apr  1 11:43   still logged in   
luf33607 pts/1                         Thu Apr  1 10:19 - 11:32  (01:13)    
luf33607 pts/6                         Thu Apr  1 10:19 - 11:32  (01:13)

/etc/passwd: Lokale Benutzer

 user:passwort:uid:gid:gecos:home:shell
 root:x:0:1:Bastard Operator From Hell:/root:/sbin/sh

ypcat: NIS-Informationen über Benutzer etc.

rfhinf032% ypcat passwd 
wes35369:txf1lcgZbr3/k:35369:100:Stefan Weschta:/home2/student/wes35369:/soft/bin/tcsh
scm33902:Ln6z3iydeIw3U:33902:100:Margit Schifferl:/home2/student/scm33902:/soft/bin/tcsh
ner33222:BdG9cxKfTgE3k:33222:100:Rebekka Neumann:/home2/student/ner33222:/soft/bin/tcsh
...

rfhinf032% ypcat passwd | wc -l
   1193

/etc/shadow: Verschlüsselte Paßworte

 user:passwort:expire::::::
 root:6ygK.g8D6xx2:11582::::::

/etc/group: Gruppen (lokal!)

other::1:
bin::2:root,bin,daemon
sys::3:root,bin,sys,adm
soft::304:feyrer,koller,etd32460,hit33549,krc34182

4.4 Installierte Software

pkginfo (Solaris)

rfhpc8317% pkginfo 
system      AMImega        MEGA Family SCSI Host Bus Adapter
system      NCRos86r       NCR Platform Support, OS Functionality (Root)
system      SUNW1251f      Russian 1251 fonts
ALE         SUNW5ttf       Traditional Chinese BIG5 True Type Fonts Package
ALE         SUNW5xmft      Chinese/Taiwan BIG5 X Windows Platform minimum required Fonts Package
system      SUNWaccr       System Accounting, (Root)
system      SUNWaccu       System Accounting, (Usr)
system      SUNWadmap      System administration applications
system      SUNWadmc       System administration core libraries
...

pkg_info (BSD)

rfhpc8133% pkg_info
tcsh-6.10.00        Extended C-shell with many useful features
MesaLib-3.4         Graphics library similar to SGI's OpenGL
gdbm-1.8.0          The GNU database manager
jpeg-6b             IJG's jpeg compression utilities
png-1.0.8           Library for manipulating PNG images
qt1-1.44            C++ X GUI toolkit
tiff-3.5.5          library and tools for reading and writing TIFF data files
kdelibs-1.1.2       Support libraries for the KDE integrated X11 desktop
libungif-4.1.0      Tools and library routines for working with GIF images
ncurses-5.2         CRT screen handling and optimization package
xpm-3.4k            The X Pixmap library
...

rpm -q (Ursprünglich Red Hat Linux, auch SuSE, Mandrake Linux)

rfhinf032% rpm -qa
terminfo-5.3-28
suse-release-8.2-7
saxident-1.1-576
kdeartwork3-sound-3.1.1-18
XFree86-fonts-75dpi-4.3.0-15
XFree86-fonts-scalable-4.3.0-15
XFree86-man-4.3.0-15
ghostscript-fonts-other-7.05.6-23
filesystem-2003.2.27-17
...

dpkg -l (Debian Linux)

$ dpkg -l
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Installed/Config-files/Unpacked/Failed-config/Half-installed
|/ Err?=(none)/Hold/Reinst-required/X=both-problems (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name           Version        Description
+++-==============-==============-============================================
ii  adduser        3.49           Add and remove users and groups
ii  apt            0.5.4          Advanced front-end for dpkg
ii  apt-utils      0.5.4          APT utility programs
ii  at             3.1.8-11       Delayed job execution and batch processing
ii  autoconf       2.57-2         automatic configure script builder
ii  autoconf2.13   2.13-47        automatic configure script builder (obsolete
ii  automake       1.4-p4-1.1     A tool for generating GNU Standards-complian
...

equery list, qpkg -I (deprecated) (GenToo Linux)

# equery list
[ Searching for all packages in all categories among: ]
 * installed packages
[I--] [  ] app-admin/metalog-0.8_pre20031130 (0)
[I--] [  ] app-admin/sudo-1.6.7_p5-r2 (0)
[I--] [  ] app-admin/fam-2.7.0-r2 (0)
[I--] [  ] app-arch/tar-1.15.1 (0)
[I--] [  ] app-arch/ncompress-4.2.4-r1 (0)
[I--] [  ] app-arch/rpm2targz-9.0-r2 (0)
[I--] [  ] app-arch/bzip2-1.0.2-r5 (0)
[I--] [  ] app-arch/gzip-1.3.5-r5 (0)
[I--] [  ] app-arch/unzip-5.50-r2 (0)
[I--] [  ] app-arch/cpio-2.6-r1 (0)
...

$ qpkg -I
app-admin/addpatches *
app-admin/dosfstools *
...

In aktuellen Gentoo Versionen ist qpkg durch equery ersetzt!

4.5 System

uname: -a, -n, -s, -r

rfhpc8317% uname -a
SunOS rfhpc8317 5.8 Generic_108529-10 i86pc i386 i86pc
rfhpc8317% uname -n
rfhpc8317
rfhpc8317% uname -s
SunOS
rfhpc8317% uname -r
5.8
...

rfhinf032% uname -rs
Linux 2.4.20-4GB

miyu% uname -a
NetBSD miyu 4.0_BETA2 NetBSD 4.0_BETA2 (MIYU) #22: Fri Jan 12 02:29:47 MET 2007 \
  feyrer@miyu:/home/cvs/src-4/sys/arch/i386/compile/obj.i386/MIYU i386

Linux-Distribution:

rfhinf032% ls /etc | grep -i release
SuSE-release
lsb-release

rfhinf032% cat /etc/SuSE-release 
SuSE Linux 8.2 (i586)
VERSION = 8.2

rfhinf032% cat /etc/lsb-release 
LSB_VERSION="1.2"
DISTRIB_ID="SuSE"
DISTRIB_RELEASE="8.2"
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="SuSE Linux 8.2 (i586)"

sysdef (Solaris)

rfhpc8317% sysdef
*
* Hostid
*
  040d4280
*
* i86pc Configuration
*
*
* Devices
*
+boot (driver not attached)
        memory (driver not attached)
aliases (driver not attached)
chosen (driver not attached)
i86pc-memory (driver not attached)

hostname
```
rfhpc8317% hostname
rfhpc8317	  
```
domainname (NIS, nicht DNS!!!)
```
rfhpc8317% domainname
im-unix	  
```

dmesg

hub-r% dmesg
Linux version 2.2.16-22smp (root@porky.devel.redhat.com) (gcc version egcs-2.91.
66 19990314/Linux (egcs-1.1.2 release)) #1 SMP Tue Aug 22 16:07:11 EDT 2000
Intel MultiProcessor Specification v1.1
    Virtual Wire compatibility mode.
OEM ID: OEM00000 Product ID: PROD00000000 APIC at: 0xFEE00000
Processor #0 Pentium(tm) APIC version 17
Processor #1 Pentium(tm) APIC version 17
I/O APIC #2 Version 17 at 0xFEC00000.
Processors: 2
mapped APIC to ffffe000 (fee00000)
mapped IOAPIC to ffffd000 (fec00000)
Detected 167047 kHz processor.
...

hinv: hardware inventory (Irix)

rfhsi8005% hinv
 CPU: MIPS R12000 Processor Chip Revision: 2.3
 FPU: MIPS R12010 Floating Point Chip Revision: 0.0
 1 300 MHZ IP32 Processor
 Main memory size: 256 Mbytes
Instruction cache size: 32 Kbytes
Data cache size: 32 Kbytes
Integral SCSI controller 0: Version WD33C93B, revision D
  Disk drive: unit 1 on SCSI controller 0
  Disk drive / removable media: unit 2 on SCSI controller 0
On-board serial ports: 2
On-board bi-directional parallel port
Graphics board: Indy 24-bit
Integral Ethernet: ec0, version 1
Integral ISDN: Basic Rate Interface unit 0, revision 1.0
Iris Audio Processor: version A2 revision 4.1.0
Vino video: unit 0, revision 0, IndyCam connected

eeprom (Solaris)

rfhpc8317% eeprom
auto-boot?=true
auto-boot-cfg-num=-1
auto-boot-timeout=0
boottimeout=0
bshfirst=false
output-device=screen
input-device=keyboard
boot-file=kernel/unix

/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag (Solaris SPARC)

rfhs8012# uname -i
SUNW,Sun-Fire-280R
rfhs8012# /usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag
System Configuration:  Sun Microsystems  sun4u Sun Fire 280R (2 X UltraSPARC-III
)
System clock frequency: 150 MHz
Memory size: 2048 Megabytes

========================= CPUs ===============================================

          Run   E$    CPU    CPU
Brd  CPU  MHz   MB   Impl.   Mask
---  ---  ---  ----  ------  ----
 A    0   750   8.0  US-III  5.4
 B    1   750   8.0  US-III  5.4
...

rfhs8012# /usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v
...
========================= Environmental Status =========================
          
System Temperatures (Celsius):
------------------------------
cpu0   1  
--------- 
  74  73  
          
=================================
          
Front Status Panel:
-------------------
Keyswitch position: NORMAL
          
System LED Status: POWER                   GEN FAULT
                   [ ON]                    [OFF]
          
=================================
          
Disk Status:
          Presence      Fault Value
          --------      -----------
DISK   0: [PRESENT]     [NO_FAULT]
DISK   1: [PRESENT]     [NO_FAULT]
          
=================================
          
Fan Bank :
----------
          
Bank                        Status
----                        -------
FAN                         [NO_FAULT]
          
=================================
          
Power Supplies:
---------------
Supply     Status         PS Type
------     ------      ---------------
PS0       [OK    ]     [Sun-Fire-280R]
PS1       [OK    ]     [Sun-Fire-280R]
...

psrinfo (Solaris):

e3500# psrinfo
cpu0: SUNW,UltraSPARC-II (upaid 6 impl 0x11 ver 0x20 clock 336 MHz)
cpu1: SUNW,UltraSPARC-II (upaid 7 impl 0x11 ver 0x20 clock 336 MHz)
cpu2: SUNW,UltraSPARC-II (upaid 10 impl 0x11 ver 0x20 clock 336 MHz)
cpu3: SUNW,UltraSPARC-II (upaid 11 impl 0x11 ver 0x20 clock 336 MHz)
cpu4: SUNW,UltraSPARC-II (upaid 14 impl 0x11 ver 0x20 clock 336 MHz)
cpu5: SUNW,UltraSPARC-II (upaid 15 impl 0x11 ver 0x20 clock 336 MHz)
e3500# psrinfo -v 6
Status of processor 6 as of: 11/11/01 14:55:26
  Processor has been on-line since 08/21/01 12:51:15.
  The sparc processor operates at 336 MHz,
        and has a sparc floating point processor.

/proc (Linux)

rfhinf032% ls -F /proc
1/     1656/  2/      25268/  31485/     bus/         isapnp      self@
10/    1657/  2193/   25332/  31675/     cmdline      kcore       slabinfo
1052/  1663/  2194/   3/      31679/     config.gz    kmsg        splash
1084/  1692/  2195/   30453/  31680/     cpufreq      ksyms       stat
1171/  1722/  2196/   30455/  31745/     cpuinfo      loadavg     swaps
13/    1723/  2197/   30456/  4/         devices      locks       sys/
1315/  1724/  2198/   30676/  5/         dma          lvm/        sysvipc/
1368/  1725/  2203/   30678/  6/         driver/      mdstat      tty/
1381/  1726/  22524/  30679/  7/         execdomains  meminfo     uptime
1382/  1727/  22526/  30751/  8/         fb           misc        version
1383/  1728/  22527/  30754/  818/       filesystems  modules     video/
1384/  1736/  22568/  30755/  848/       fs/          mounts@
1456/  1737/  24343/  31052/  852/       ide/         mtrr
151/   1776/  24345/  31055/  930/       interrupts   net/
1611/  1800/  24346/  31056/  apm        iomem        partitions
1654/  1937/  25261/  31482/  asound/    ioports      pci
1655/  1938/  25262/  31484/  buddyinfo  irq/         scsi/

showrev -p: Patchlevel anzeigen (Solaris)

rfhpc8317% showrev -p
Patch: 111880-01 Obsoletes:  Requires:  Incompatibles:  Packages: SUNWwsr
Patch: 111307-01 Obsoletes: 111169-01 Requires:  Incompatibles:  Packages: SUNWkvm
Patch: 109619-01 Obsoletes:  Requires:  Incompatibles:  Packages: SUNWeuxwe, SUNWeuezt, SUNWeudlg, SUNWeudda
Patch: 108726-02 Obsoletes: 109580-01 Requires:  Incompatibles: Packages: SUNWc
...

4.6 Kernel

uname -rs: Kernel Name & Version
```
rfhinf032% uname -rs
Linux 2.4.20-4GB 
```

ndd: Treiber-Parameter setzen und lesen (Solaris)

rfhpc8317% ndd /dev/tcp \?
?                             (read only)
tcp_time_wait_interval        (read and write)
tcp_conn_req_max_q            (read and write)
tcp_conn_req_max_q0           (read and write)
...
rfhpc8317% ndd /dev/tcp tcp_conn_req_max_q
128

showrev (Solaris)

rfhpc8317% showrev
Hostname: rfhpc8317
Hostid: 40d4280
Release: 5.8
Kernel architecture: i86pc
Application architecture: i386
Hardware provider: 
Domain: im-unix
Kernel version: SunOS 5.8 Generic 108529-10 June 2001

/proc (Linux)

rfhinf032% ls -F /proc
1/     1656/  2/      25268/  31485/     bus/         isapnp      self@
10/    1657/  2193/   25332/  31675/     cmdline      kcore       slabinfo
1052/  1663/  2194/   3/      31679/     config.gz    kmsg        splash
1084/  1692/  2195/   30453/  31680/     cpufreq      ksyms       stat
1171/  1722/  2196/   30455/  31745/     cpuinfo      loadavg     swaps
13/    1723/  2197/   30456/  4/         devices      locks       sys/
1315/  1724/  2198/   30676/  5/         dma          lvm/        sysvipc/
1368/  1725/  2203/   30678/  6/         driver/      mdstat      tty/
1381/  1726/  22524/  30679/  7/         execdomains  meminfo     uptime
1382/  1727/  22526/  30751/  8/         fb           misc        version
1383/  1728/  22527/  30754/  818/       filesystems  modules     video/
1384/  1736/  22568/  30755/  848/       fs/          mounts@
1456/  1737/  24343/  31052/  852/       ide/         mtrr
151/   1776/  24345/  31055/  930/       interrupts   net/
1611/  1800/  24346/  31056/  apm        iomem        partitions
1654/  1937/  25261/  31482/  asound/    ioports      pci
1655/  1938/  25262/  31484/  buddyinfo  irq/         scsi/

rfhinf032% cat /proc/stat
cpu  11284627 358168 713256 46962094
cpu0 11284627 358168 713256 46962094
page 1270776 2846120
swap 78 416
...

iostat:

rfhpc8317% iostat 1
   tty       cmdk0          sd0           sd1           nfs1           cpu
 tin tout kps tps serv  kps tps serv  kps tps serv  kps tps serv   us sy wt id
   0  302   1   0    6    0   1    0    0   0    0    0   0 1347    0  0 12 87
   0  234   0   0    0    0   1    0    0   0    0    0   0    0    1  0 13 86
   0   80   0   0    0    0   1    0    0   0    0    0   0    0    0  0 13 87
...

vmstat:

rfhpc8317% vmstat 1
 procs     memory            page            disk          faults      cpu
 r b w   swap  free  re  mf pi po fr de sr cd s0 s1 --   in   sy   cs us sy id
 0 0 0 692472 202748  0   3  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  164  407  271  0  0 99
 0 0 0 679504 189588  0   6  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  158  199  251  0  1 99
 0 0 0 679504 189588  0   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  162  141  242  0  0 100
...

prtconf (Solaris)

rfhpc8317% prtconf
System Configuration:  Sun Microsystems  i86pc
Memory size: 384 Megabytes
System Peripherals (Software Nodes):

i86pc
    +boot (driver not attached)
        memory (driver not attached)
    aliases (driver not attached)
    chosen (driver not attached)
    i86pc-memory (driver not attached)
    i86pc-mmu (driver not attached)
    openprom (driver not attached)
    options, instance #0
    packages (driver not attached)
    ...

4.7 Kernel Module

Abgrenzung "Microkernel" vs. monolithischen Kernel: Bezeichnungen fuer eine bestimmte Kernel-Architektur, hat garnichts(!) mit Kernel-Modulen zu tun. Unix hat generell einen monolithischen Kernel, auch wenn ggf. Teile davon erst nachträglich aus Modulen geladen werden.

modinfo (Solaris)

rfhpc8317% modinfo
 Id Loadaddr   Size Info Rev Module Name
  5 fe8ec000   37da   1   1  specfs (filesystem for specfs)
  7 fe8f0b56   2334   1   1  TS (time sharing sched class)
  8 fe8f2a1a    886   -   1  TS_DPTBL (Time sharing dispatch table)
 10 fe8f2a92    194   -   1  pci_autoconfig (PCI BIOS interface)
...

lsmod (Linux)

hub-r% lsmod
Module                  Size  Used by
loop                   12000   0 (autoclean) (unused)
dummy0                   944   1 (autoclean)
lockd                  31656   1 (autoclean)
sunrpc                 54116   1 (autoclean) [lockd]
3c59x                  20136   1 (autoclean)
aic7xxx               137528   4

kldstat (FreeBSD)

freebsd6% kldstat
Id Refs Address    Size     Name
 1    9 0xc0400000 4f1e40   kernel
 2    1 0xc08f2000 3d38     uvisor.ko
 3    2 0xc08f6000 2f68     ucom.ko
 4    1 0xc08f9000 8f24     aio.ko
 5    1 0xc0902000 1d3d8    kqemu.ko
 6    1 0xc5cb8000 2c000    nfsclient.ko
 7    1 0xc677a000 7000     bridge.ko

modstat (NetBSD, OpenBSD)
Kernel Module sind bei NetBSD und OpenBSD zwar moeglich, aber eher selten (und garnicht per Default) benutzt:
```
netbsd4% modstat
Type    Id   Offset Loadaddr Size Info     Rev Module Name 
```

4.8 Terminals

tty
```
rfhpc8317% tty
/dev/pts/9	  
```
$TERM: Terminal-Typ ermitteln
```
miyu% echo $TERM
vt220 
```
kermit, tip, cu, minicom

4.9 Remote Rechner

ping, ping -s (Solaris)

rfhpc8317% ping www.du.se
www.du.se is alive
rfhpc8317% ping -s www.du.se
PING www.du.se: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from moe.du.se (130.243.57.11): icmp_seq=0. time=47. ms
64 bytes from moe.du.se (130.243.57.11): icmp_seq=1. time=47. ms
64 bytes from moe.du.se (130.243.57.11): icmp_seq=2. time=46. ms
^C
----www.du.se PING Statistics----
3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip (ms)  min/avg/max = 46/46/47

traceroute

rfhpc8317% traceroute www.du.se
traceroute to moe.du.se (130.243.57.11), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets
 1  rfhcb0108.fh-regensburg.de (194.95.108.250)  0.775 ms  0.841 ms  0.571 ms
 2  rfhci100.fh-regensburg.de (194.95.104.50)  0.847 ms  0.495 ms  0.559 ms
 3  ar-regensburg2.g-win.dfn.de (188.1.36.145)  0.924 ms  0.948 ms  0.900 ms
 4  ar-regensburg1.g-win.dfn.de (188.1.73.1)  1.199 ms  1.271 ms  0.972 ms
 5  cr-erlangen1.g-win.dfn.de (188.1.72.45)  2.652 ms  2.353 ms  2.371 ms
 6  cr-stuttgart1.g-win.dfn.de (188.1.18.65)  12.534 ms  12.527 ms  12.407 ms
 7  cr-frankfurt1.g-win.dfn.de (188.1.18.74)  12.989 ms  13.104 ms  13.032 ms
 8  ir-frankfurt2.g-win.dfn.de (188.1.80.38)  13.351 ms  13.093 ms  13.017 ms
 9  dfn-stm4.de40.de.ten-155.net (212.1.192.81)  13.819 ms  13.797 ms  13.985 ms
10  de-se-2.se40.ten-155.net (212.1.192.74)  42.851 ms  43.023 ms  43.447 ms
11  sw-gw.nordu.net (212.1.192.154)  43.140 ms  42.960 ms  43.035 ms
12  STK-BB-1-POS5-0.sunet.se (193.10.252.178)  43.568 ms  43.555 ms  43.020 ms
13  falun-borlange-1-POS4-0-0.sunet.se (130.242.210.9)  47.609 ms  47.938 ms  47.013 ms
14  du-gw.du.se (130.242.201.98)  46.413 ms  46.721 ms  46.781 ms
15  borlange-gw-vlan11.du.se (130.243.55.26)  48.592 ms  48.020 ms  47.961 ms
16  moe.du.se (130.243.57.11)  47.992 ms  46.677 ms  46.784 ms

nslookup, dig, host

rfhpc8317% nslookup delphi
Server:  rfhs0004.fh-regensburg.de
Address:  194.95.104.1

Name:    rfhpc8317.fh-regensburg.de
Address:  194.95.108.65
Aliases:  delphi.fh-regensburg.de

4.10 Swapspace

swap -l -s (Solaris)

rfhpc8317% swap -l 
swapfile             dev  swaplo blocks   free
/dev/dsk/c0d0s1     102,1       8 1024120 1024120
rfhpc8317% swap -s
total: 96460k bytes allocated + 13816k reserved = 110276k used, 708352k available

swapctl -k -[sl] (NetBSD)

rfhpc8130% swapctl -l -k
Device      1K-blocks     Used    Avail Capacity  Priority
/dev/wd0b      665280        0   665280     0%    0
rfhpc8130% 
rfhpc8130% swapctl -s -k
total: 665280k bytes allocated = 0k used, 665280k available

swapon -s (SuSE Linux)

rfhinf032% swapon -s
Filename                        Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/hda2                       partition       522104  956     42

df -k /tmp

rfhpc8317% df -k /tmp
Filesystem            kbytes    used   avail capacity  Mounted on
swap                  680260     672  679588     1%    /tmp

sync
```
rfhpc8133% sync
rfhpc8133% 
```

4.11 Prozeß Accounting

Anschalten:

yui# lastcomm
lastcomm: /var/account/acct: No such file or directory
yui# accton /var/account/acct
accton: acct `/var/account/acct': No such file or directory
yui# touch /var/account/acct
yui# accton /var/account/acct
yui# 
yui# date
Thu Apr  1 12:57:46 MEST 2004

Abschalten:
```
yui# accton 
```

Auswerten:

yui# lastcomm
sh         -F      root     ttyp2      0.00 secs Thu Apr  1 12:57 (0:00:00.00)
sh         -F      root     ttyp2      0.00 secs Thu Apr  1 12:57 (0:00:00.00)
...
date       -       root     ttyp0      0.00 secs Thu Apr  1 12:57 (0:00:00.02)
...

yui# sa -an
    2155        0.16re        0.02cp        0avio        0k   
    1011        0.04re        0.00cp        0avio        0k   sh*
     352        0.02re        0.01cp        0avio        0k   sed
     108        0.00re        0.00cp        0avio        0k   dirname
     105        0.00re        0.00cp        0avio        0k   mkdir
     101        0.00re        0.00cp        0avio        0k   rm
      87        0.00re        0.00cp        0avio        0k   expr
      83        0.00re        0.00cp        0avio        0k   cat
...
       1        0.00re        0.00cp        1avio        0k   date
       
yui# sa -m
root          2155         0.02cpu           77tio           0k*sec

4.12 Dateisysteme

/etc/vfstab (Solaris), /etc/fstab:

Solaris NFS Server:

rfhs8012% cat /etc/vfstab
# rfhs8012:/etc/vfstab
#
###########################################################################
#
#device               device             mount   FS     fsck    mount   mount
#to mount             to fsck            point   type   pass    at boot options
#
#
#
# System:
fd                    -                  /dev/fd fd     -       no      -
/proc                 -                  /proc   proc   -       no      -
#/dev/dsk/c1t0d0s1    -                  -       swap   -       no      -
/dev/md/dsk/d2        -                  -       swap   -       no      -
/dev/md/dsk/d1        /dev/md/rdsk/d1    /       ufs    1       no      logging
swap                  -                  /tmp    tmpfs  -       yes     -
#
# Homes:
/dev/dsk/c3t1d0s6    /dev/rdsk/c3t1d0s6 /home1  ufs    1       yes     rw
/dev/dsk/c4t2d0s6    /dev/rdsk/c4t2d0s6 /home2  ufs    1       yes     rq
/dev/dsk/c3t3d0s6    /dev/rdsk/c3t3d0s6 /home3  ufs    1       yes     rq
#
# Swap files:
#/home2/swapfile      -                  -       swap   -       no      -
#/home3/swapfile      -                  -       swap   -       no      -

BSD NFS Client:

rfhpc8133% cat /etc/fstab
# disk             mountpr   fs     opt          dump mountorderr
/dev/wd0a          /         ffs    rw              1 1
/dev/wd0b          none      swap   sw              0 0
/kern              /kern     kernfs rw              0 0
/proc              /proc     procfs rw              0 0
/dev/wd0b          /tmp      mfs    rw,-s100000     0 0
#
# im-unix:
rfhs8012:/home1    /home1    nfs    rw              0 0
rfhs8012:/home2    /home2    nfs    rw              0 0
rfhs8012:/home3    /home3    nfs    rw              0 0
rfhs8012:/usr/Mail /var/mail nfs    rw              0 0

Solaris NFS Client:

rfhpc8317% more /etc/vfstab 
#device         device          mount           FS      fsck    mount   mount
#to mount       to fsck         point           type    pass    at boot options
#
#/dev/dsk/c1d0s2 /dev/rdsk/c1d0s2 /usr          ufs     1       yes     -
fd      -       /dev/fd fd      -       no      -
/proc   -       /proc   proc    -       no      -
/dev/dsk/c0d0s1 -       -       swap    -       no      -
/dev/dsk/c0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0d0s0        /       ufs     1       no      logging
swap    -       /tmp    tmpfs   -       yes     -
#
# FHR:
rfhs8012:/usr/Mail      -       /var/mail       nfs - yes bg,soft,actimeo=0

rfhpc8317% ls -la /home?
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     other         19 Apr 15  2003 /home1 -> /net/rfhs8012/home1
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     other         19 Apr 15  2003 /home2 -> /net/rfhs8012/home2
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     other         19 Apr 15  2003 /home3 -> /net/rfhs8012/home3

SuSE Linux NFS Client:

rfhinf032% cat /etc/fstab
## Device       Mountpoint        FStype    FSflags         Dump  Check
# local linux
/dev/hda3       /                 reiserfs  defaults            1 1
/dev/hda2       swap              swap      pri=42              0 0
/dev/hda4       /var/tmp          reiserfs  defaults            0 0

# local windows
#/dev/hda6      /windows/D        vfat      user                0 0

# system filesystems
devpts          /dev/pts          devpts    mode=0620,gid=5     0 0
proc            /proc             proc      defaults            0 0
usbdevfs        /proc/bus/usb     usbdevfs  noauto              0 0

# removable media
/dev/cdrecorder /media/cdrecorder auto      ro,noauto,user,exec 0 0
/dev/cdrom      /media/cdrom      auto      ro,noauto,user,exec 0 0
/dev/fd0        /media/floppy     auto      noauto,user,sync    0 0
/dev/sda4       /media/sda4       auto      noauto,user,exec    0 0
/dev/sda4       /media/sda4       auto      noauto,user,exec    0 0 #HOTPLUG B3Fu.TOhPIQylgTC

df -k: Auflistung aller gemounteten Dateisysteme

rfhpc8317% df -k
Filesystem            kbytes    used   avail capacity  Mounted on
/dev/dsk/c0d0s0      5493582  636833 4801814    12%    /
/proc                      0       0       0     0%    /proc
fd                         0       0       0     0%    /dev/fd
mnttab                     0       0       0     0%    /etc/mnttab
swap                  706260       4  706256     1%    /var/run
swap                  706272      16  706256     1%    /tmp
rfhs8012:/usr/Mail   26943400 3152240 23521726    12%    /var/mail
rfhs8012:/home1      17502698 13119525 4208147    76%    /net/rfhs8012/home1
rfhs8012:/home3      48063794 12827198 34755959    27%   /net/rfhs8012/home3

mount: Abfrage der gemounteten Dateisysteme

rfhpc8317% mount
/ on /dev/dsk/c0d0s0 read/write/setuid/intr/largefiles/logging/onerror=panic/dev=1980000 on Tue Oct  2 16:41:01 2001
/proc on /proc read/write/setuid/dev=2c00000 on Tue Oct  2 16:40:59 2001
/dev/fd on fd read/write/setuid/dev=2cc0000 on Tue Oct  2 16:41:02 2001
/etc/mnttab on mnttab read/write/setuid/dev=2dc0000 on Tue Oct  2 16:41:04 2001
/var/run on swap read/write/setuid/dev=1 on Tue Oct  2 16:41:04 2001
/tmp on swap read/write/setuid/dev=2 on Tue Oct  2 16:41:05 2001
/var/mail on rfhs8012:/usr/Mail remote/read/write/setuid/bg/soft/actimeo=0/dev=2e40001 on Tue Oct  2 16:41:10 2001
/net/rfhs8012/home1 on rfhs8012:/home1 remote/read/write/setuid/dev=2e40002 on Tue Oct  2 16:42:15 2001
/net/rfhs8012/home3 on rfhs8012:/home3 remote/read/write/setuid/dev=2e40004 on Tue Oct  2 16:42:46 2001

mount, fsck, /usr/lib/fs/ufs/* (Solaris), /sbin/mount_* (BSD)

Solaris:

rfhpc8317% ls /usr/lib/fs/
autofs   fd       lofs     nfs      proc     tmpfs    ufs
cachefs  hsfs     mntfs    pcfs     s5fs     udfs     xmemfs
rfhpc8317% ls /usr/lib/fs/ufs
clri            fsckall         lockfs          quot            tunefs
dcopy           fsdb            mboot           quota           ufsdump
df              fsirand         mkfs            quotacheck      ufsrestore
edquota         fstyp           mount           quotaoff        volcopy
ff              ident_ufs.so.1  ncheck          quotaon
fsck            labelit         newfs           repquota

Linux:

rfhinf032% ls /sbin/mount*
/sbin/mount.ncp  /sbin/mount.ncpfs  /sbin/mount.smbfs
rfhinf032% 
rfhinf032% ls /sbin/fsck*
/sbin/fsck         /sbin/fsck.ext3   /sbin/fsck.msdos
/sbin/fsck.cramfs  /sbin/fsck.jfs    /sbin/fsck.reiserfs
/sbin/fsck.ext2    /sbin/fsck.minix  /sbin/fsck.xfs
rfhinf032% 
rfhinf032% ls /sbin/mkfs*
/sbin/mkfs         /sbin/mkfs.ext2  /sbin/mkfs.minix     /sbin/mkfs.xfs
/sbin/mkfs.bfs     /sbin/mkfs.ext3  /sbin/mkfs.msdos
/sbin/mkfs.cramfs  /sbin/mkfs.jfs   /sbin/mkfs.reiserfs

NetBSD:

rfhpc8317% ssh rfhpc8133 "ls -C /sbin/mount_*"
/sbin/mount               /sbin/mount_kernfs        /sbin/mount_overlay
/sbin/mount_ados          /sbin/mount_lfs           /sbin/mount_portal
/sbin/mount_cd9660        /sbin/mount_mfs           /sbin/mount_procfs
/sbin/mount_ext2fs        /sbin/mount_msdos         /sbin/mount_ufs
/sbin/mount_fdesc         /sbin/mount_nfs           /sbin/mount_umap
/sbin/mount_ffs           /sbin/mount_ntfs          /sbin/mount_union
/sbin/mount_filecore      /sbin/mount_null

rfhpc8317% ssh rfhpc8133 "ls -C /sbin/fsck*"
/sbin/fsck          /sbin/fsck_ffs      /sbin/fsck_msdos
/sbin/fsck_ext2fs   /sbin/fsck_lfs

rfhpc8317% ssh rfhpc8133 "ls -C /sbin/newfs*"
/sbin/newfs         /sbin/newfs_lfs     /sbin/newfs_msdos

Manuelles mounten von Dateisystemen: mount

Mit Hilfe von /etc/fstab:

# mount | grep /disk4
# 
# grep /disk4 /etc/fstab
/dev/ccd0e              /disk4                  ffs     rw,softdep      1 2
# 
# mount /disk4
#
# mount | grep /disk4
/dev/ccd0e on /disk4 type ffs (local)
#

Nur durch Angabe des Devices:

# mount /dev/ccd0e /mnt
#
# mount | grep /mnt
/dev/ccd0e on /mnt type ffs (local)

Aushängen von Dateisystemen: umount
```
# umount /disk4
umount: /disk4: Device busy

...
(ps, fstat, lsof & kill)
...

# umount /disk4
# 
          
```
Wichtig: zum Aushängen dürfen keine Prozesse auf das Dateisystem zugreifen, oft geschieht dies über das aktuelle Arbeitsverzeichnis!

mountall, mount -a: Mountet alle in /etc/(v)fstab angegebenen Dateisysteme

yui# mount -va
exec: mount_ffs -o softdep -o update /dev/sd0a /
/dev/sd0a on / type ffs (local, soft dependencies, writes: sync 21100592 async 67650390)
mfs:129 on /tmp type mfs: already mounted
kernfs on /kern type kernfs: already mounted
exec: mount_ffs -o softdep /dev/ccd0e /disk4
/dev/ccd0e on /disk4 type ffs (local, soft dependencies, writes: sync 2 async 0)
exec: mount_cd9660 -o ro -o auto /dev/cd1d /cdrom
mount_cd9660: /dev/cd1d on /cdrom: Operation not supported by device
exec: mount_cd9660 -o ro -o auto /dev/cd0d /cdrom0
mount_cd9660: /dev/cd0d on /cdrom0: Operation not supported by device
smaug.ipv6.fh-regensburg.de:/disk1 on /disk1 type nfs: already mounted
smaug.ipv6.fh-regensburg.de:/disk2 on /disk2 type nfs: already mounted
...

4.13 Quotas

quota

quota -v

rfhpc8317% quota
rfhpc8317% quota -v
Disk quotas for feyrer (uid 102):
Filesystem     usage  quota  limit    timeleft  files  quota  limit    timeleft
/net/rfhs8012/home3
              588106 600000 1200000             14299      0      0

repquota

rfhs8012# repquota -a
/dev/dsk/c4t2d0s6 (/home2):
                      Block limits                      File limits
User           used   soft   hard    timeleft    used   soft   hard    timeleft
NOUSER    --     50  10000  15000                  43      0      0            
inetws26  --    289  50000  75000                  58      0      0            
news      --      4  10000  15000                   2      0      0            
eiw31159  --   7975  50000  75000                 702      0      0            
ebd31160  --    268  50000  75000                  51      0      0            
ecm31161  --    268  50000  75000                  51      0      0            
fog31162  --   5485  50000  75000                 896      0      0            
eia31170  --    268  50000  75000                  51      0      0            
sem34224  +-  53644  50000  75000    6.3 days       0      0      0            
feb33053  +-  51907  50000  75000   4.0 hours       0      0      0            
tam36024  +-  71102  50000  75000     EXPIRED    1425      0      0            
...

edquota

# edquota feyrer

<editor starts>

fs /home3 blocks (soft = 600000, hard = 1200000) inodes (soft = 0, hard = 0)
fs /home2 blocks (soft = 0, hard = 0) inodes (soft = 0, hard = 0)


# edquota -p dummy feyrer

Benutzen von Quotas: Das Betriebssystem verwaltet die Quota-Daten in einer Datei "quotas" im root-Verzeichnis des jeweiligen Dateisystem:
```
rfhpc8310% ls -la /home*/qu*
-rw-------   1 root     other    1600000 Nov  6 16:51 /home2/quotas
-rw-------   1 root     other    1280096 Nov  6 16:51 /home3/quotas
	  
```
Diese Dateien sind vom Systemverwalter vor Anschalten von Quotas anzulegen:
```
# touch /home2/quotas
# touch /home3/quotas
	  
```
Das Anschalten von Quotas selbst geschieht mittels "rq" (anstatt "rw") als Mount-Flags in der Datei /etc/vfstab (Solaris):
```
rfhs8012# grep rq /etc/vfstab
/dev/dsk/c4t2d0s6    /dev/rdsk/c4t2d0s6 /home2  ufs    1       yes     rq
/dev/dsk/c3t3d0s6    /dev/rdsk/c3t3d0s6 /home3  ufs    1       yes     rq 
```
Zum erstellen der Quota-Informationen für jeden einzelnen User empfiehlt es sich, den Rechner zu booten.
Gruppenquotas: Manche Unix-Betriebssysteme (z.B.) BSD) erlauben das vergeben von Quotas nicht nur auf Benutzer- sondern zusätzlich auf Gruppenebene. Dies ist jedoch nicht allgemein verfügbar.

4.14 Device-Handling und Platten

Gerätedateien sind block- oder zeichenorientiert, sie sind durch ihren Typ (Block/Zeichenorientiert) sowie eine Major- und eine Minor-Device-Number gekennzeichnet:

rfhpc8310% ls -lL /dev/*dsk/c1t0d0s[01]
brw-r-----   1 root     sys       29,  0 Jan  3  2001 /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s0
brw-r-----   1 root     sys       29,  1 Jan  3  2001 /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s1
crw-r-----   1 root     sys       29,  0 Jan  3  2001 /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s0
crw-r-----   1 root     sys       29,  1 Jan  3  2001 /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s1

Typ: Abhängig vom Gerät wird dieses zeichen- oder blockorientiert angesprochen. Terminals (ttys) werden nur zeichenorientiert angesprochen, Platten üblicherweise(!) blockorientiert.
Major Number: Gerätetyp, z.B. IDE-Platte, IDE-CDROM, SCSI Platte, SCSI-CDROM, SCSI Tape, FC Platte, ...
Minor Number: Gerätenummer, z.B. 1., 2., ... SCSI-Festplatte, Betriebsmodi (rewinding, non-rewinding Tape, ...)

Anhand der Major/Minor-Number erfolgt der Einsprung in Geraete-Abhängige Routinen bei Systemaufrufen (open(2), read(2), write(2), ...).

Beispiel Kernel-Gegenstück in NetBSD (war src/sys/arch/i386/i386/conf.c; siehe auch src/sys/arch/i386/conf/majors.i386):

yui% ls -la /dev/*sd0[a-c]
brw-r-----  1 root  operator   4, 0 Jun  6  2001 /dev/sd0a
brw-r-----  1 root  operator   4, 1 Dec  2 12:38 /dev/sd0b
brw-r-----  1 root  operator   4, 2 Jun  6  2001 /dev/sd0c
crw-r-----  1 root  operator  13, 0 Jun  6  2001 /dev/rsd0a
crw-r-----  1 root  operator  13, 1 Jun  6  2001 /dev/rsd0b
crw-r-----  1 root  operator  13, 2 Jun  6  2001 /dev/rsd0c

	  
struct bdevsw   bdevsw[] =
{
        bdev_disk_init(NWD,wd),         /* 0: ST506/ESDI/IDE disk */
        bdev_swap_init(1,sw),           /* 1: swap pseudo-device */
        bdev_disk_init(NFDC,fd),        /* 2: floppy diskette */
        bdev_tape_init(NWT,wt),         /* 3: QIC-02/QIC-36 tape */
        bdev_disk_init(NSD,sd),         /* 4: SCSI disk */
        bdev_tape_init(NST,st),         /* 5: SCSI tape */
        bdev_disk_init(NCD,cd),         /* 6: SCSI CD-ROM */
        ...

struct cdevsw   cdevsw[] =
{
        cdev_cn_init(1,cn),             /* 0: virtual console */
        cdev_ctty_init(1,ctty),         /* 1: controlling terminal */  
        cdev_mm_init(1,mm),             /* 2: /dev/{null,mem,kmem,...} */
        cdev_disk_init(NWD,wd),         /* 3: ST506/ESDI/IDE disk */ 
        cdev_swap_init(1,sw),           /* 4: /dev/drum (swap pseudo-device) */
        ...
        cdev_disk_init(NSD,sd),         /* 13: SCSI disk */
        ...

Erklärung zu Partitionen:
- Auch als "Slices" bekannt
- Partitionstabelle ist als "Label" bekannt, liegt am Anfang der Platte (PC: MBR)
- Partitionstabelle enthält hauptsächlich Angaben:
  - Nummer der Partition (0-16; MBR: max. 4)
  - Startsektor
  - Größe (in Sektoren)
- Aufbau Festplatte:
Damit sind für die eindeutige Identifikation einer Partition die folgenden Angaben nötig:
1. Controller-Nummer
2. Platten-Nummer (SCSI-Target, ...)
3. LUN (Logical Unit Number, bei SCSI)
4. Slice (Partitionsnummer)
Schema für Device-Names:
- Solaris: /dev/dsk/c#t#d#s# (SCSI: Controller, Target, Device, Slice)
- BSD: /dev/sd0a (SCSI Disk #0, Partition "a")
- Linux: /dev/hda1 (IDE Disk "a", Partition "1")

Literatur

[Loukides], S. 38ff (Prozeßzustandsübersicht), S. 75ff (Verteilung der Arbeitslast), S. 107ff (Hauptspeicher), S. 155ff (Festplattendurchsatz), S. 203ff (Netzwerke), S. 233ff (Terminals), S. 241ff (Kernel-Configuration)
[Stevens-APUE], S. 161ff (Environment of a Unix process)
[Hunt], S. 85ff (Basic Configuration), S. 257ff (Troubleshooting TCP/IP)
[Nemeth], S. 45ff (Controlling Processes), S. 60ff (The Filesystem), S. 93ff (Serial Devices), S. 118ff (Adding a Disk), S. 224ff (Drivers and the Kernel), S. 261ff (Networking)
[Frisch], S. 193ff (Managing System Resources,) S. 221ff (Managing Disk Usage with Disk Quotas) S. 225ff (Filesystems and Disks), S. 384ff (Accounting),
[Goodheart-Cox], S. 45ff (Quotas)

(Übung)

(c) Copyright 1998-2006 Hubert Feyrer <hubert@feyrer.de>
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