[20091018]
|
When updating your kernel, remember ...
... to also install new kernel modules if you run NetBSD-current,
else your system will not boot any more:
How? Either unpack modules.tgz set so you get modules matching your
kernel in /stand, or run "make install USETOOLS=no DESTDIR=/"
in src/sys/modules.
[Tags: modules]
|
[20090927]
|
Looking at the new kernel modules in NetBSD-current
In contrast to the current and previous NetBSD releases,
NetBSD-current and the next major release (6.0) uses a new
system for kernel modules. Unlike the "old" loadable kernel
modules (LKMs), the new module framework supports dependencies
between modules, and loading of kernel modules on demand.
Today, I've found time to install NetBSD-current/i386, and configure
things that I use here - /kern, /proc, and some NFS, in addition to
a local disk. Now, looking at the list of loaded kernel modules reveals:
% modstat
NAME CLASS SOURCE REFS SIZE REQUIRES
compat misc builtin 0 - -
coredump misc filesys 1 3067 -
exec_elf32 misc filesys 0 7225 coredump
exec_script misc filesys 0 1187 -
ffs vfs boot 0 166292 -
kernfs vfs filesys 0 11131 -
nfs vfs filesys 0 145345 -
procfs vfs filesys 0 28068 -
ptyfs vfs filesys 0 8975 -
Interesting points here are that nfs, kernfs and procfs are just listed
in /etc/fstab, and the related filesystem modules
are loaded automatically, without a need to worry if they are
needed or not. In fact I just assumed NFS is in the GENERIC kernel.
Seems it's loaded as module! ;)
Another interesting module is "coredump", which is loaded by the
module to execure 32bit ELF programs, exec_elf32. This is an example
of module dependencies, and again no manual intervention was needed.
So what modules are there? First, let's remember that kernel modules
are object code that implements facilities for the running kernel,
and which interfaces closely with the running kernel. As such, they
need to match the kernel version, ideally. When one of the kernel's
API or ABI interfaces changes, it's best to rebuild all modules.
For NetBSD, the kernel's version is bumped e.g. from 5.99.15 to 5.99.16
for such an interface change, which helps tracking those changes.
Back to the question of what modules are there. Now that we know
kernel modules are closely tied to the version of the kernel
(which still is in the file /netbsd, btw), associated modules
-- for the example of NetBSD/i386 5.99.15 -- can be found in
/stand/i386/5.99.15/modules:
% cd /stand/i386/5.99.15/modules
% ls -F
accf_dataready/ drm/ lfs/ ptyfs/
accf_httpready/ efs/ mfs/ puffs/
adosfs/ exec_aout/ miniroot/ putter/
aio/ exec_elf32/ mqueue/ radeondrm/
azalia/ exec_script/ msdos/ smbfs/
cd9660/ ext2fs/ nfs/ sysvbfs/
coda/ fdesc/ nfsserver/ tmpfs/
coda5/ ffs/ nilfs/ tprof/
compat/ filecore/ ntfs/ tprof_pmi/
compat_freebsd/ fss/ null/ udf/
compat_ibcs2/ hfs/ overlay/ umap/
compat_linux/ i915drm/ portal/ union/
compat_ossaudio/ kernfs/ ppp_bsdcomp/ vnd/
compat_svr4/ ksem/ ppp_deflate/
coredump/ layerfs/ procfs/
% ls */*.kmod
accf_dataready/accf_dataready.kmod layerfs/layerfs.kmod
accf_httpready/accf_httpready.kmod lfs/lfs.kmod
adosfs/adosfs.kmod mfs/mfs.kmod
aio/aio.kmod miniroot/miniroot.kmod
azalia/azalia.kmod mqueue/mqueue.kmod
cd9660/cd9660.kmod msdos/msdos.kmod
coda/coda.kmod nfs/nfs.kmod
coda5/coda5.kmod nfsserver/nfsserver.kmod
compat/compat.kmod nilfs/nilfs.kmod
compat_freebsd/compat_freebsd.kmod ntfs/ntfs.kmod
compat_ibcs2/compat_ibcs2.kmod null/null.kmod
compat_linux/compat_linux.kmod overlay/overlay.kmod
compat_ossaudio/compat_ossaudio.kmod portal/portal.kmod
compat_svr4/compat_svr4.kmod ppp_bsdcomp/ppp_bsdcomp.kmod
coredump/coredump.kmod ppp_deflate/ppp_deflate.kmod
drm/drm.kmod procfs/procfs.kmod
efs/efs.kmod ptyfs/ptyfs.kmod
exec_aout/exec_aout.kmod puffs/puffs.kmod
exec_elf32/exec_elf32.kmod putter/putter.kmod
exec_script/exec_script.kmod radeondrm/radeondrm.kmod
ext2fs/ext2fs.kmod smbfs/smbfs.kmod
fdesc/fdesc.kmod sysvbfs/sysvbfs.kmod
ffs/ffs.kmod tmpfs/tmpfs.kmod
filecore/filecore.kmod tprof/tprof.kmod
fss/fss.kmod tprof_pmi/tprof_pmi.kmod
hfs/hfs.kmod udf/udf.kmod
i915drm/i915drm.kmod umap/umap.kmod
kernfs/kernfs.kmod union/union.kmod
ksem/ksem.kmod vnd/vnd.kmod
% find . -type f -print | wc -l
58
There are directories with major kernel subsystems in the named
directory, each one containing various files with the ".kmod" extension,
for kernel modules. Subsystems include kernel accept filters,
various file systems, compatibility modules, execution modules
for various binary formats, and many others. Currently there are
58 kernel modules, and I guess we can expect more in the future.
P.S.: I've seen one confusion WRT systems that use kernel modules to
whatever extent, as they shrink the size of the actual kernel
binary: Even with kernel modules, an operating system
is still a monolithic kernel: The modules are tied in closely
into the system once loaded, ending in a monolithic system.
In contrast, a "microkernel" is something
very different,
and it doesn't have anything to do with kernel modules. :-)
[Tags: kernel, lkm, modules]
|
[20090116]
|
Catching up on NetBSD source changes - Sep'08 to early Jan'09
OK, I'll try to catch up source-changes a bit more frequently
in the future (new years resolutions... don't we all have some?),
but here's what I've missed by now, from between September 2008
until now (early January 2009):
- In preparation of the NetBSD 5.0 release, a lot of documentation
updates were made, esp. in the release notes. Also, many manual
pages were added to the system, documenting existing userland
tools, library, system and internal interfaces.
- Following some re-organization of binary packages on ftp.NetBSD.org
some time ago, the official URLs are now:
- ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/{MACHINE}/{VERSION}/All
- ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/current-packages/NetBSD/{MACHINE}/{VERSION}/All
Both should have the same results, the latter is more safe
on mirrors that don't carry /pub/pkgsrc. Adjust your PKG_PATHs!
- Syntax for /etc/rc.conf's ifconfig_xxN variables and /etc/ifconfig.xxN
was changed to also allow line breaks via ';'s. This allows
something like ifconfig_wi0="ssid 'my network'; dhcp"
- Martin Schuette's work on syslogNG from Google Summer of Code 2008
is now available in NetBSD's syslog
- X.org integration is advancing in big steps. It's on by default on
a number of platforms (including alpha, i386, macppc, shark, sparc and sparc64),
and instead of using the (now obsolete) MKXORG build variable
it can be build with "build.sh -x".
- Old-style LKMs are dead, welcome to the new module framework!
(XXX Documentation???) In the process, more and more kernel
subsystems are being changed to be loadable as a module, e.g.
POSIX AIO and semaphores, File System Snapshots,
emulations, exec formats, coredump, NFS client and server,
http and data accept filters, ppp compressors,
and others.
Hooks into UVM have been added to unload unused kernel modules
if memory is scarce.
- MAKEVERBOSE now has two new levels, 3 and 4. The complete list
is now:
- 0 Minimal output ("quiet")
- 1 Describe what is occurring
- 2 Describe what is occurring and echo the actual command
- 3 Ignore the effect of the "@" prefix in make commands
- 4 Trace shell commands using the shell's -x flag
The default remains MAKEVERBOSE=2, you can also set this via
build.sh's -N switch.
- A POSIX conformant tabs(1) utility was added
- The haad-dm branch was merged to NetBSD-current. This
adds Logical Volumen Management (LVM) functionality to
the base NetBSD system. It uses Linux LVM2 tools and our BSD licensed
device-mapper driver.
- The wrstuden-revivesa branch was merged into NetBSD-current,
bringing Scheduler Activation based threading back to NetBSD,
and giving NetBSD 5.0 and up both SA and 1:1 threads.
- Support for the ARM-based Cortina Systems SL3516 eval board was added
to NetBSD/evbarm
- patch(1) got a major overhaul, based on DragonflyBSD and OpenBSD.
There's better detection of double applied patches, rejected diffs
remain in unified diff format, and and less limitation e.g. on line
length.
- pxeboot now understands boot.cfg
- Boot CD ISO creation has been greatly overhauled, accomodating
changes in boot.cfg, and moving away from a ramdisk-based system
to using a file system on the cd-rom, which helps reduce RAM usage.
Also, the GENERIC kernel can be used there.
- makefs(8)'s ISO-9660 (cdrom) support was enhanced to write
RISC OS data. This allows to make bootable CDs for acorn{26,32}
directly, without copying the bootloader to a native file system.
- The christos-time_t branch has been merged into NetBSD-current.
This gives 64bit time_t and dev_t types (no more
year 2038-problem!!!).
Many related places like timeval and timespec were adjusted,
kernel and userland APIs were touched, and shared library
major versions (including libc) were bumped for this fairly
exhaustive change.
See src/UPDATING's entry on 20090110 for the full update path!
- New/updated drivers:
- jme(4) for JMicron Technologies JME250 Gigabit Ethernet and JME260 Fast Ethernet PCI Express controllers
- u3g(4) provides better support for 3G datacards than ugensa
- dbcool(4) for dbCool(tm) family of Thermal Monitor and Fan Controller
- ataraid(4) now supports Intel MatrixRAID and JMicron RAID
- bwi(4) for Broadcom BCM4302 wlan controllers, otherwise known as Airport Extreme
- alipm(4) for the Acer Labs M7101 Power Manage- ment controller
- admtemp(4) for the Analog Devices ADM1021, Analog Devices ADM1023, Analog Devices ADM1032, Genesys Logic GL523SM, Global Mixed-mode Technology G781, Maxim 1617, and Xeon embedded temperature sensors
- ipw(4),iwi(4),wpi(4),iwn(4): We ship the firmware now, but
users have to accept the Intel license manually by setting
sysctls like hw.ipw.accept_eula=1. The latter is also offered
by sysinst.
- nsp(4) adds support for the NSP2000 cryptographic processor
which does crypto, hashing and arbitrary precision arithmetics
in hardware, and which hooks into the opencrypto(9) interface.
- pseye(4) makes the Sony Playstation Eye USB webcam usable with
the new video(4) framework
- ath(4) now uses the recently-released source-based version
of the Atheros HAL, no more binary blob!
Whee... I should really do this more often to cut things down.
[Tags: acorn, ath, cortina, google-soc, iso, lkm, lvm, makefs, modules, patch, pkgsrc, posix, pxe, Release, sa, syslog, tabs, time_t, x.org]
|
|
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'nuff.
Grab the RSS-feed,
index,
or go back to my regular NetBSD page
Disclaimer: All opinion expressed here is purely my own.
No responsibility is taken for anything.